{"id":5344,"date":"2026-06-18T10:31:20","date_gmt":"2026-06-18T07:31:20","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.riigikogu.ee\/?page_id=5344"},"modified":"2026-09-10T14:36:09","modified_gmt":"2026-09-10T11:36:09","slug":"supreme-soviet-essr-supreme-council-republic-estonia","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/www.riigikogu.ee\/en\/introduction-and-history\/history-riigikogu\/supreme-soviet-essr-supreme-council-republic-estonia\/","title":{"rendered":"Supreme Soviet of the ESSR\/ Supreme Council of the Republic of Estonia"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-8f761849 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:66.66%\">\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>In difference to the earlier Soviet period, the last highest state body of the Estonian SSR, the 12th Supreme Council of the Estonian SSR was elected in large part already on democratic bases in March 1990. The most important legal act of this Council was the Resolution on the national independence of Estonia, adopted on 20 August 1991. As of 8 May 1990, the name of the representative body was the Supreme Council of the Republic of Estonia. It functioned de facto as the parliament of the Republic of Estonia until the beginning of the mandate of the 7th Riigikogu on 30 September 1992.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-8f761849 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image aligncenter size-large\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.riigikogu.ee\/wpcms\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/02\/Eesti-Vabariigi-%C3%9Clemn%C3%B5ukogu-1992.-a.-kevadel.-Riigikogu-arhiiv.jpg\" alt=\"\"\/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">The Supreme Council of the Republic of Estonia in spring 1992. Photo in the Archives of the Riigikogu.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Elections<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The elections of the 12th Supreme Council of the Republic of Estonia were held on 18 March 1990. For the first time during the Soviet occupation, the elections were&nbsp;<span data-tooltip=\"These elections were for the most part democratic, as the principles for formation of the Supreme Council were still somewhat undemocratic. Namely, the occupation powers still present in Estonia could also participate.\" class=\"has-tooltip\">for the most part democratic<\/span>&nbsp;\u2013 the competition was between representatives of several political movements, incl. candidates with non-communist views. The Estonian National Independence Party and some other movements that demanded independence also called to boycott the elections on the grounds that they were elections of an institution of the occupying power.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-8f761849 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">All residents of voting age permanently residing in the territory of Estonia, incl.&nbsp;<span data-tooltip=\"The military personnel and their family members residing in the territory of the military units, who have attained 18 years of age, regardless of their period of residence in the territory of the military unit, may elect four deputies to the Supreme Council of the Estonian SSR through the one-mandate districts formed in the military units located in the territory of the Estonian SSR.\" class=\"has-tooltip\">persons belonging to the armed forces of the USSR<\/span>, had the right to vote in the Supreme Council. The electorate totalled 1 164 603. 392 persons stood as candidates for the 105 seats of the Supreme Council , and the voter turnout was 78.2%. The elections were held pursuant to the&nbsp;<span data-tooltip=\"In the case of the single transferable vote method, the principles of the elections of persons and the proportional elections are combined. The voter marks a many preferences on the ballot paper as provided by the election rules, and ranks them. Votes are transferred when the number of the votes received by the candidate exceeds the election quota or when the candidate is unpopular (if no candidate meets the quota, then the votes of the candidate who received the smallest number of votes are transferred). In order to be elected, a candidate must receive a certain number of votes that has been determined earlier. The Hare quota, the Droop quota and Imperial quota are mainly used for distribution of mandates. In Anglo-Saxon world, the single transferable vote method is proportional representation.\" class=\"has-tooltip\">single transferable vote method<\/span>.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<div style=\"height:25px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\">\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Arnold R\u00fc\u00fctel was elected the Chairman of the Supreme Council, and \u00dclo Nugis was elected the Speaker.<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The list of the Popular Front gained the greatest number of votes, it received 24% of votes and 45 seats out of 105. Four seats were designated for representatives of the USSR army. Of the persons who were elected, 73 represented the pro-independence and 27 represented the pro-empire powers.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Arnold R\u00fc\u00fctel<\/strong>&nbsp;was elected the Chairman of the Supreme Council and&nbsp;<strong>\u00dclo Nugis<\/strong>&nbsp;was elected the Speaker.&nbsp;<strong>Viktor Andrejev<\/strong>&nbsp;and&nbsp;<strong>Marju Lauristin<\/strong>&nbsp;were elected Deputy Speakers.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The Supreme Council of the Republic of Estonia functioned&nbsp;<em><span data-tooltip=\"De facto is a Latin expression that means in fact, in reality, according to the facts. The expression de facto is used mostly when different aspects (legal, apparent, etc.) need to be considered besides the facts. It may also mean in reality but not according to the law.\" class=\"has-tooltip\">de facto<\/span><\/em>&nbsp;as the parliament of the Republic of Estonia until the beginning of the mandate of the 7th Riigikogu on 30 September 1992.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\">\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The 12th Supreme Council of the Estonian SSR was elected by 78.2% of the people with the right to vote, and participation was higher than in any later Riigikogu elections.<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:25px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-8f761849 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Legislation<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The most important legal act of the 12th Supreme Council was the&nbsp;<strong>Resolution on the national independence of Estonia<\/strong>, adopted on 20 August 1991. Already on 30 March 1990, the Supreme Council declared a period of transition to the restoration of the Republic of Estonia. In view of this aim, on 8 May 1990, it was decided to repeal the name \u201cthe Estonian Soviet Socialist Republic\u201d and to adopt \u201c<strong>the Republic of Estonia<\/strong>\u201d as the official name. Therefore also the representative body of the people began to be called the Supreme Council of the Republic of Estonia.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u201cAlthough a majority of the legislative framework established by the Supreme Council over twenty years has gone through significant corrections, the basic patterns that were set then have been preserved to a great extent. The work of the Supreme Council gave an important input to the activities of the Constitutional Assembly and the content of our Constitution. <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image aligncenter size-large\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.riigikogu.ee\/wpcms\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/02\/Nimetahvlite-vahetamine-Toompeal-1992-Riigikogu-arhiiv.jpg\" alt=\"\"\/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Change of plaques on Toompea Castle, 1992. Photo in the Archives of the Riigikogu.<br><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Largely thanks to the preparatory work done in the Supreme Council, the Riigikogu elected in October 1992 did not need to start from an empty space when drawing up the Acts organising the life of the restored Republic of Estonia. Today as the fundamental issues of the statehood of Estonia and democratic organisation of society have risen on the agenda again, the experiences and explorations of the Supreme Council more than twenty years ago deserve both recognition and critical study.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Marju Lauristin, Deputy Speaker of the Supreme Council 1990\u20131992<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>In difference to the earlier Soviet period, the last highest state body of the Estonian SSR, the 12th Supreme Council of the Estonian SSR was elected in large part already on democratic bases in March 1990. The most important legal act of this Council was the Resolution on the national independence of Estonia, adopted on 20 August 1991. As of 8 May 1990, the name of the representative body was the Supreme Council of the Republic of Estonia. It functioned de facto as the parliament of the Republic of Estonia until the beginning of the mandate of the 7th Riigikogu on 30 September 1992.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":15,"featured_media":0,"parent":4994,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-5344","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v28.5 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Supreme Soviet of the ESSR\/ Supreme Council of the Republic of Estonia &#8211; Riigikogu<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.riigikogu.ee\/en\/introduction-and-history\/history-riigikogu\/supreme-soviet-essr-supreme-council-republic-estonia\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Supreme Soviet of the ESSR\/ Supreme Council of the Republic of Estonia &#8211; Riigikogu\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"In difference to the earlier Soviet period, the last highest state body of the Estonian SSR, the 12th Supreme Council of the Estonian SSR was elected in large part already on democratic bases in March 1990. 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